Appendix: The Real Covenants in the Old Testament

What are the real covenants in the Old Testament? Who are its recipients, and what are the promises of each covenant (because all Divine covenants carry with them the LORD’s promise of something)? What are the complete Scripture references to each?

[EDIT: Dec 2022: The is another OT Covenant: the "Covenant of Peace" (Isa 54.10). This is documented below.]

[Covenant Theology is well known for its use of extrabiblical speculation and inferences (e.g., the WCF), especially when it attempts to explain the fictitious Covenant of Works and the Covenant of Grace. The purpose of this Appendix is to carefully and thoroughly document each real covenant revealed in the Old Testament by the Scripture alone.]

Early in his first chapter, Dr. Belcher makes the following fantastic claims regarding the value of Covenant Theology:

“The central place of covenant theology in the Bible is expressed well by Packer when he calls covenant theology a hermeneutic, 'a way of reading the whole Bible that is itself part of the overall interpretation of the Bible that it undergirds.'“ [ch 1, pg 17, emphasis mine]

and

“There are many concepts in Scripture that cannot be understood properly without understanding the covenant.” [ch 1, pg 17, emphasis mine]

and

“Covenant is so central to the outworking of God's plan of salvation that the gospel needs the framework of covenant theology.” [ch 1, pg 18, emphasis mine]

I was dismayed when studying Dr. Belcher’s book and Covenant Theology. I found a "theology" which elevates the position, meaning, and importance of "covenant framework" while simultaneously misunderstanding and misrepresenting the real Old Testament covenants the LORD made! This is as inexcusable as it is indefensible for someone teaching at a reformed seminary (such as Dr. Belcher)!

How could Covenant Theology get this so wrong for so long!?

[As I mentioned in the Introduction, it simply doesn’t matter whether the men who held to this in the last many centuries (beginning with Augustine, I suppose) were "faithful" or otherwise. I don’t have to resolve this dilemma. Simply stated, Covenant Theology is a tradition (in the NT Gospels sense) and is wrong!]

As I was researching this article, it become abundantly clear that I would need a central place in which to teach from the Scripture all the Old Testament covenants and their properties. The content of this appendix stands in stark contrast to the ‘literary handwaving’ and trampling of clear Scripture sprinkled throughout Dr. Belcher’s book.

[By design, I reference and link to this Appendix when needed in the discussion of CT within the body of this critique instead of expanding the information inline and disrupting the flow of thought.]

In the early chapters of Dr. Belcher’s book, I found that he asserted several "properties" as necessary components of the covenants. These "properties" are enumerated below, then compared to the real OT covenants to see if Dr. Belcher’s assertions were valid. By design, I did not include the fictitious Covenant of Works and Covenant of Grace and, implicitly, their roots from which all the errors of CT appear to be sourced.

They were many, formidable discrepancies as demonstrated below.

[At the end of this appendix I include an analysis of the so-called Covenant of Works and Covenant of Grace to see how they align with the properties espoused by Dr. Belcher. (As it works out, they also did not fare very well.)]

Here are the six properties (in summary form) common to "covenants" as taught by Dr. Belcher in the early chapters of his book. The inference was that each of these properties are to be applied to each of the covenants. The tables which follow show just how irresponsible these generalizations were as I prove from the Scriptures that they are mostly false.

1. “legal agreement between two parties … ratified by … rituals”
2. “the parties to the covenant are clearly identified”
3. “conditions”
4. “signs”
5. “blessings and curses”
6. “operate on the basis of a representative principle”

[All page number references below are from:

The Fulfillment of the Promises of God
An Explanation of Covenant Theology
by Dr. Richard Belcher.
Christian Focus Publications Ltd
Great Britain, 2020]

As you’ve seen in this Appendix, I make a distinction between the fictitious Covenant of Works and Covenant of Grace and the real OT Covenants (because, as I prove in the body of this article), they can’t be found in the Scripture.

Here are the real OT covenants detailed in the pages of the Scripture, in chronological order:

1. Noahic
2. Abrahamic
3. Circumcision
4. Mosaic
5. Davidic
6. New

The format of the information in the table below is self-explanatory.

[There are other examples of covenants in the Old Testament (between men), but these are irrelevant to our consideration. I list only those real covenants made by the LORD with men in the summaries below.]

The rightmost column in the tables indicate the validity of Dr. Belcher's claim, either T (true) or F (false).

 As you’ll see, Dr. Belcher’s assertions were mostly FALSE.

The Noahic Covenant

Notice that the LORD gave His promise in the future tense before the flood, then switched to the present tense (“establish…”) after the flood.

My full review of Dr. Belcher’s presentation of the Noahic Covenant is found in chapter 4.

The Abrahamic Covenant

Like the Noahic Covenant, there are two components: the preannouncement in Gen 12 (future tense) and the pronouncement Gen 15 (present and past tense).

My full review of Dr. Belcher’s presentation of the Abrahamic Covenant is found in chapter 5.

Circumcision

The Covenant of Circumcision is a distinct covenant from the Abrahamic Covenant, for three reasons:

1. If the LORD "changed His mind" about the solemn promise He made with Abram by adding a new condition to the covenant of Gen 15 (namely, circumcision), then His promise of Gen 15 would have been unreliable and incomplete. This can’t happen! The language of Gen 17.7-8 ("establish") refers to the existing covenant of Gen 15, not a new covenant of circumcision being established at that time.
2. The Covenant of Circumcision was with a different and distinct set of parties from the covenant of Gen 15: it included "every male among you" including servants and foreigners.
3. The Covenant of Circumcision included a penalty for not being circumcised (i.e., breaking the covenant), something not included in the covenant of Gen 15.

 My full review of Dr. Belcher’s presentation of the Covenant of Circumcision is found in chapter 5. [Dr. Belcher incorrectly combines the Covenant of Circumcision with the Abrahamic Covenant. For this reason, my comments on this error had to be made chapter 5.]

The Mosaic Covenant

Again, the imposition of the Mosaic Covenant upon Israel was unconditional: the LORD told them what He was doing as He revealed the covenant and its terms to the nation. The blessing and curses were conditional.

Nonetheless, in Exo 24, national Israel agrees to the terms after witnessing the power of the LORD from a distance.

My full review of Dr. Belcher’s presentation of the Mosaic Covenant is found in chapter 6.

The Davidic Covenant

The Davidic Covenant is one of the most glorious of the OT. The LORD unconditionally promised King David that his posterity would sit upon the throne of Israel. Note the use of the future tense in 2 Sam 7; essentially all the promises the LORD made to David were in the future. This is reflected in the essence of David’s prayer of thanksgiving and humility:

2 Sam 7.19a
And yet this was insignificant in Your eyes, O Lord God, for You have spoken also of the house of Your servant concerning the distant future.

2 Sam 7.25-26
Now therefore, O Lord God, the word that You have spoken concerning Your servant and his house, confirm it forever, and do as You have spoken, that Your name may be magnified forever, by saying, ‘The Lord of hosts is God over Israel’; and may the house of Your servant David be established before You.

King David recognized that the promises would affect his posterity more than himself.

A very interesting component of the LORD’s promises to David was the recognition of the potential disobedience of David’s posterity: what happens if his posterity is disobedient? Are the LORD’s promises thereby voided? The promises in 2 Sam 7 are clear and unambiguous. The following quotes from Dr. Belcher reveal an astonishing inference:

“Hertzberg thanks the statements refer to the past but translates them as present because of the possibility that they have been left intentionally ambivalent.” [ch 7, pg 101, emphasis mine]

“The covenant has a conditional aspect that relates to each individual king. Each king must keep the Covenant, and if the king does not keep it, God may use other nations to bring judgment against him and the people.” [ch 7, pg 102, emphasis mine]

“Second, the statement that when the son commits iniquity, he will be disciplined in 2 Samuel 7.14b is omitted in 1 Chronicles 17.13. This omission causes some to think that the unconditional nature of God's promise is not retained in 1 Chronicles 17. The issue is not whether one text is unconditional, and the other text is conditional because both elements are present in the overall presentation of both books.” [ch 7, pg 107, emphasis mine]

No honest "theologian" could read 2 Sam 7 and "somehow get the notion" that the LORD’s promises were anything other than unconditional! Equivocation is not the mark of a competent theologian who loves, fears and reveres the Word of the Holy One!

Between 2 Sam 7 and Psa 89, it is impossible to form any conclusion other than the LORD made an extraordinary promise to that one He termed a "man after [His] own heart". (Act 13.22) It is perhaps this realization that caused Dr. Belcher to assert the following apparent backtrack:

“The covenant also has an unconditional element to it so that the promises of an enduring Dynasty and the kingdom are not ultimately dependent on the obedience of the individual Kings.” [ch 7, pg 102, emphasis mine]

There are many troubling elements of Dr. Belcher's treatment of the David Covenant:

"The Davidic Covenant is unconditional".
"The Davidic Covenant is conditional".
"The Davidic Covenant has aspects of conditional and unconditional language".

ENOUGH!

Dr. Belcher, either teach the Scripture or don't teach the Scripture BUT BY ALL MEANS "GET OFF THE THEOLOGICAL FENCE"!! I'm sick of the equivocation!! What type of damage are you doing to your students with your considerable disrespect for the Holy Word by framing so much as "debate" and dissimilar opinions? How could you possibly expect to make them better students of the Word when some of them believe the polar opposite of the other students, and neither group is entirely convinced (probably) of what they believe?

I highlighted the future aspects of the Davidic covenant because it will have its fulfillment only in the last son of King David, the Lord Christ. The CT typically maintains that the Millennium (the kingdom of the Lord Christ on earth) has already begun; the only problem with this fallacious eschatology is that that kingdom is nowhere to be found. “The kingdom of Christ, you see, is spiritual, it can’t be seen with human eyes.”, says the CT. Yet, the nature and details of the LORD’s promises to David were very specific: a Son of David will sit upon the throne of Israel!

Notice the promises below: some have been fulfilled or partially fulfilled, while others await fulfillment. Unless they all have been fulfilled on the current earth with a physical Kingdom of Israel and a real Lord Christ (the Son of David) upon that real throne as the earth’s real, predominant political and religious power, the CT can't biblically say that the covenant of 2 Sam 7 has been fulfilled in the so-called Amillennial rule of the Lord Christ here right now. When compared to the LORD's promises, Amillennialism is a lie!

 
These can’t simply be dismissed by the CT without great damage to the credibility and expressed details of the Word of the LORD regarding the Davidic Covenant.

My full review of Dr. Belcher’s presentation of the Davidic Covenant is found in chapter 7.

The New Covenant

 
The New Covenant began to be fulfilled at the Last Supper:

Luk 22.20
And in the same way He took the cup after they had eaten, saying, “This cup which is poured out for you is the New Covenant in My blood."

The Apostle Paul confirms this as an ordinance in his instructions concerning the Lord’s Table to be regularly practiced in Christian churches:

1 Cor 11.25
In the same way He took the cup also after supper, saying, “This cup is the New Covenant in My blood; do this, as often as you drink it, in remembrance of Me.”

Hebrews chapter 8 is the most detailed NT exposition of the New Covenant and its application to the church.

[Remember, the New Covenant was made by the Lord with "the house of Judah and the House of Israel", not with NT Christians. This does not mean, though, that it has no application to NT Christians. I cover this assertion in chapter 8.]

The author of the Epistles to the Hebrews builds the case that the Old Covenant (that is, the Mosaic Covenant) became obsolete and is now replaced by the New Covenant:

Heb 8.13
When He said, “A New Covenant,” He has made the first obsolete. But whatever is becoming obsolete and growing old is ready to disappear.

In the Epistle to the Hebrews additional exposition of the New Covenant shows it to be closer to the concept of a Last Will and Testament rather than a covenant. Note the stated condition:

Heb 9.16-17
For where a covenant is, there must of necessity be the death of the one who made it. For a covenant is valid only when men are dead, for it is never in force while the one who made it lives.

This is the aspect of the Last Supper celebrated by Christians; it remembers the sacrifice of the Lord Christ and that the New Covenant–the Lord’s Last Will and Testament–brings about a new heart within His true people.

But how is that blessing "transferred" from "the house of Judah and the House of Israel" to NT Christians? The answer is here:

Eph 3.6
that the Gentiles are fellow heirs and fellow members of the body, and fellow partakers of the promise in Christ Jesus through the gospel

Eph 4.4-5
There is one body and one Spirit, just as also you were called in one hope of your calling; one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and Father of all who is over all and through all and in all.

Gal 3.8-9
The Scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, preached the gospel beforehand to Abraham, saying, “All the nations will be blessed in you.” So then those who are of faith are blessed with Abraham, the believer.

Gal 3.26-29
For you are all sons of God through faith in Christ Jesus. For all of you who were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ. There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free man, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus. And if you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham’s descendants, heirs according to promise.

There are other texts, but these should suffice.

From the very beginning the LORD planned to unite all His true people through the sacrifice of His Son: Jews and Gentiles are one body in Christ. The celebration of the Lord’s Table is the implementation of the New Covenant within the hearts of all true believers, Jews and Gentiles alike.

My full review of Dr. Belcher’s presentation of the New Covenant is found in chapter 8.

The Covenant of Peace

[I added this covenant after encountering it while reading through the prophet Isaiah. The LORD tells us much of the end times through this prophet, and it is generally easy to tell when the LORD tells of the Israel of the Millennium by the characteristics of that time.]

[Because this covenant is not mentioned in Dr. Belcher's book, it has no true/false count to maintain. Nonetheless, I use the Dr. Belcher's "properties" list for consistency (without a T/F count).]

The section comprising chapters 40-66 in the book of Isaiah is filled with rich prophecies concerning the Servant of the LORD, Israel His people and the world generally. Isaiah says much about the world of the future, frequently "telescoping" his view through the time of the Millennium directly to the New Heaven and the New Earth. This section is merely an introduction to the Covenant of Peace, the last unconditional covenant in the Old Testament.

I assume that some of my readers could be puzzled by this "addition". Most of you will probably not have heard of the "Covenant of Peace"; I had not paid much attention to it either until I read through this great book a couple of times in the last few weeks. But there it is, in complete clarity and beauty. And for reasons that should become clear below, this is not another name for the New Covenant. It is a separate, unconditional covenant made with redeemed national Israel (hence, my reason for maintaining that it is not merely another name for the New Covenant).

What follows is not a thorough exposition of these chapters from Isaiah. It merely hits the highlights of a wonderful section of the Book as it relates to the Covenant of Peace.

In chapter 50 the LORD tell us about His Messiah, the One who will be humiliated for the salvation of His people. That same LORD calls a disobedient Israel to repentance and faith:

Isa 50.10
Who is among you that fears the Lord,
That obeys the voice of His servant,
That walks in darkness and has no light?
Let him trust in the name of the Lord and rely on his God.

The LORD tells us about the time:

Isa 51.3
Indeed, the Lord will comfort Zion;
He will comfort all her waste places.
And her wilderness He will make like Eden,
And her desert like the garden of the Lord;
Joy and gladness will be found in her,
Thanksgiving and sound of a melody.

We know that the LORD speaks of the time of the Millennium here:

Isa 51.7
“Listen to Me, you who know righteousness,
A people in whose heart is My law;
Do not fear the reproach of man,
Nor be dismayed at their revilings."

There will be no reviling of national Israel in the New Earth (there will be no national Israel!); the time described can only be after the return of the LORD Christ to set up His kingdom in Jerusalem and before He has vanquished all His enemies. As I have said in several place in this article, when He returns, it will be to a planet of His enemies. Again, 

Psa 110.1
The Lord says to my Lord:
“Sit at My right hand
Until I make Your enemies a footstool for Your feet.”

Even though the Lord Christ has returned, it appears that it takes national Israel some time to rest in that fact:

Isa 51.12
“I, even I, am He who comforts you.
Who are you that you are afraid of man who dies
And of the son of man who is made like grass, ..."

This is what the Lord Christ has planned for those (Gentiles) who continue to oppose Him:

Isa 51.21-23
Therefore, please hear this, you afflicted,
Who are drunk, but not with wine:
Thus says your Lord, the Lord, even your God
Who contends for His people,
“Behold, I have taken out of your hand the cup of reeling,
The chalice of My anger;
You will never drink it again.
“I will put it into the hand of your tormentors,
Who have said to you, ‘Lie down that we may walk over you.’
You have even made your back like the ground
And like the street for those who walk over it.”

Note the description. It can't be of the New Earth, it can only be that time after the Lord Christ begins his rule in the fully restored Jerusalem in national Israel:

Isa 52.1
Awake, awake,
Clothe yourself in your strength, O Zion;
Clothe yourself in your beautiful garments,
O Jerusalem, the holy city;
For the uncircumcised and the unclean
Will no longer come into you.

There will be no uncircumcised or unclean persons in the New Earth; there will be in our current earth, the earth of the Millennium. Moreover, the LORD uses language inclusive of His people Israel throughout these chapters; the Gentiles are not in view (except as those hostile to the Jews). Conversely, the Revelation has in view all redeemed (Jew and Gentile together) as a single people, not merely national Israel.

Isa 52.10
The Lord has bared His holy arm
In the sight of all the nations,
That all the ends of the earth may see
The salvation of our God.

Isa 52.12b
For the Lord will go before you,
And the God of Israel will be your rear guard.

These are the words that detail the LORD showing His power to those who seek the destruction of His people Israel. (Note that this action is not needed during the time of the New Heaven and the New Earth.)

Consistent with what I present in The Promised Land Fulfilled, national Israel will possess the land of its enemies:

Isa 54.3
“For you will spread abroad to the right and to the left.
And your descendants will possess nations
And will resettle the desolate cities.

Notice this incredible promise the LORD makes to national Israel:

Isa 54.9
“For this is like the days of Noah to Me,
When I swore that the waters of Noah
Would not flood the earth again;
So I have sworn that I will not be angry with you
Nor will I rebuke you."

During the time of Noah, the LORD made a solemn promise to never flood the earth again in order to destroy it. In just the same way, He makes a promise to the national Israel to never destroy them again. It is at this point we encounter the Covenant of Peace:

Isa 54.10
“For the mountains may be removed and the hills may shake,
But My lovingkindness will not be removed from you,
And My covenant of peace will not be shaken,”
Says the Lord who has compassion on you.

As I've maintained in this article, the Lord Christ will return to a planet that hates Him and will oppose Him at every turn. But as Psa 110 promises, He will be successful in ruling the earth and bringing evil under His full control. In spite of His relentless enemies, His rule will be one of peace. There will never be any doubt who will win the battle of good vs. evil; His rule will be characterized as peaceful; moreover, since national Israel is the centerpiece of that rule, it will be a time of unbroken peace for Israel because the LORD will have made with them the Covenant of Peace.

Please note that this Covenant of Peace appears also to be in view in Isa 42.6; 49.8; 54.10; 55.3; 56.4-6; 59.21; and 61.8 .

Covenant of Works

In chapter 2 of Dr. Belcher’s book, the section entitled The Evidence for the Covenant of Works in Genesis 1-3 contains the bulk of the "proof". I first cite a few sections (in order), then comment.

1. “The word 'covenant' does not occur in Scripture until the Flood account in Genesis 6:18. If the word 'covenant' does not occur in Genesis 1-3, what is the evidence that the relationship between God and Adam is a covenant relationship? The absence of the word 'covenant' does not necessarily mean that there is no covenant in Genesis 1-3. … The key is not whether the word 'covenant' occurs in Genesis 1-3 but whether the elements of a covenant are present.” [pg 24]
2. “Several elements commonly associated with covenants are present in Gen 1-3. First, the parties to the covenant are clearly identified.” [pg 24]
3. “Second, covenants have conditions. The condition to this covenant relationship is set forth in the commandment that God gave to Adam not to eat of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. … This commandment with a penalty attached to it focuses on the importance of the requirement of Adam obeying God in everything. It presents Adam with a clear choice of obedience or disobedience to God, and Adam could keep this divine commandment. … This commandment with a penalty attached to it focuses on the importance of the requirement of Adam obeying God in everything. It presents Adam with a clear choice of obedience or disobedience to God and Adam could keep this divine commandment.” [pg 24-25]
4. “Third, covenants have blessings and curses. The relationship between God and Adam also includes blessings and curses. In Genesis 1:28 God blesses mankind and commands them to multiply and fill the earth, to subdue it, and to have dominion over every living thing that moves on it. God's blessings are experienced in the fulfillment of God's commands.” [pg 25]
5. “Fourth, covenants operate on the basis of a representative principle so that the actions of the covenant representative impacts others who are part of the covenant relationship. … Adam was the covenant head of the human race and his sin negatively impacted all of his natural descendants.” [pg 26]
6. “Fifth, covenants have signs that point to the blessings of the covenant relationship. Scholars have debated how many signs there are in Genesis 1-3 but most agree that the tree of life is a sign of the covenant. The tree of life was a pledge of the covenant of life (WCF 20), the promised reward for obedience. The fruit of this tree should not be regarded as having an innate power to prolong life. Rather, the tree symbolized life so that when Adam forfeited the promise he was kept from the sign (Gen 3:22)." [pg 26-27]

I hope that you see a tremendous difference between the covenant details I presented above and those for which Dr. Belcher provides for the so-called Covenant of Works. I provided the Scriptures, compared them to the "properties" Dr. Belcher claims describe a covenant, and provided biblical commentary on the true nature of the real OT covenants. And remember, most of the "properties" Dr. Belcher detailed poorly describe the real OT covenants at best. (As I showed above, he was wrong twice as frequently as he was right. And one of those, "the parties were clearly identified", was basically a give-away!)

These 6 citations from Dr. Belcher’s book are poor substitutions for real commentary. They are presented as the apologetic for the so-called Covenant of Works by someone who has been teaching them for 20+ years at RTS! That’s it; that’s the summation of the defense for the Covenant of Works: no Scriptures, no real Bible commentary.

Read them over carefully.

Following the citations above, Dr. Belcher has a subsection entitled Hosea 6.7: A Reference to a Covenant with Adam?, I devoted an entire appendix to this topic. Then, following that, he has another section entitled Major Issues related to the Covenant of Works. So, the citations above form the major arguments for the existence of the Covenant of Works as he presents it.

I found it remarkable that the Bible details of the Covenant of Works, the singular base of Covenant Theology, can purportedly be "proven" without the use of a single Scripture. Granted, Dr. Belcher does refer to Gen 3.22 in the last citation, but that use is dubious at best, as we’ll see. It is equally remarkable that he follows his presentation with the section “Major Issues ...”; this does not bode well for an "established fact".

I now handle each of the citations above in numerical order in the table below.

The Covenant of Grace

In chapter 3 of Dr. Belcher’s book, he handles the “Initiation of the Covenant of Grace” I will cite several clips from Dr. Belcher’s book, then comment below (just as the structure above).

1. "This is the first revelation of the Covenant of Grace and has been called the Protoevangelium (the First Gospel)." [pg 38]
   See Appendix: The Protoevangelium and the Fictitious Covenant of Grace.
2. “Even though Adam disobeyed God in the Covenant of Works, he and Eve were the first members of the Covenant of Grace.” [pg 39]
3. “The seed of the woman will triumph over the seed of the serpent by defeating him. The identity of this descendant is progressively revealed throughout Old Testament history and is fulfilled in the person of Christ. Genesis 3:15 speaks ultimately of Christ, the second Adam, the mediator of the Covenant of Grace (WLC 36), the redeemer of God's elect (WSC 20). Just as Adam represented his descendants in his actions, so Christ represented those elected to eternal life.” [pg 40]

 Yes (believe it or not...), the citations above are the meat of Dr. Belcher’s “proof” of the Covenant of Grace! I could find no other apologetics for it in Dr. Belcher's book!

Following the citations above, Dr. Belcher moves quickly to the section entitled The Covenant of Works and the Covenant of Grace. What follows is very telling:

4. “There are two distinct covenants in Scripture, the Covenant of Works and the Covenant of Grace (bi covenantal). The Covenant of Grace was historically initiated right after Adam broke the Covenant of Works. …. The promise of both covenants is to receive eternal life and the general aim of the covenants is glory of God.” [pg 41]
5. “There are also major differences between these two covenants. In the Covenant of Works, God is the creator and Lord who condescends to establish the covenant with his innocent creature. In the Covenant of Grace God is the redeemer who graciously pursues the sinner and breaker.” [pg 41]
6. “There is a principle of Works in both covenants. In the Covenant of Works Adam was to obey the stipulation related to the tree of knowledge of Good and Evil and in the Covenant of Grace Christ fulfills the works requirement. The Covenant of Grace did not abolish the Covenant of Works because both require that the righteousness of the law be fulfilled. Christ fulfilled this righteousness by meeting the requirements of the Covenant of Works, enabling his righteousness to be offered to those who believe in Him. The Covenant of Grace through Christ accomplishes what the Covenant of Works required.” [pg 41-42]

I now handle each of the citations above in numerical order in the table below.